This post is from a suggested group
There are five(-ish) sets of first- and second-person singular pronouns in the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta:
Informal-colloquial pronouns: lu–gue
Casual-intimate pronouns: aku–kamu
Polite-formal pronouns: saya–Anda
Name pronouns: Khoirul, Kirana, etc.
Role pronouns: Mas, Dokter, Tante, Eyang, etc.
This post is from a suggested group
There is a fascinating set of words that exists cross-linguistically, which I like to call stacked prepositions, or stacked postpositions for postpositional languages such as Japanese. Though from this point on, I'll exclusively be referring to either as prepositions. These are words such as onto (on+to), underneath (under+neath); ID daripada (dari+pada; 'than', lit. 'from at'), kepada (ke+pada; 'for', lit. 'to at'); and JP made ni ('by', lit. 'until to'). However, before we get into that, I would like to give y'all a crash course on prepositions.
Prepositions are a syntactic class of words that go before a noun phrase. There are however exceptions to this, which among others are, (1) in phrasal verbs, such as the preposition over in the sentence His parents' death was something he could never get over, and (2) in sentences with intransitive prepositions, such as the preposition before in the sentence He'd left 2 hours…
This post is from a suggested group
In practice, there are three ways to identify human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
Nucleic acid identification, i.e., its RNA
Antigen detection, i.e., the p24 antigen
Antibody detection, i.e., anti–HIV-1 and –HIV-2 antibodies
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Kemenkes RI) recommends two assays: rapid tests and enzyme immunoassays. The serum-based 4th-generation HIV test can detect the p24 antigen and both HIV antibodies, and is available on either assay, the former of which is more widely available. However, users of Peridot will probably have access to the latter, which in early stages of HIV infection has higher sensitivity (i.e., lower rate of giving a false positive result). It is also important to note that these tests might not detect HIV during the 3-week window period of HIV exposure, as some assays are not reliable within this acute period.
There are algorithms healthcare providers follow to diagnose HIV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention…
This post is from a suggested group
"It seems like", "it feels as if", "it's said that"… what exactly are these its referring to?
These are called impersonal verbs. And the it in question is called a dummy pronoun. They don't really point to anything, but rather, they highlight the action — what's being done.
What's interesting about these expressions is that, when translated to a language like, say, Indonesian, they completely change form.
It is time to … --> Waktunya …
From dummy pronoun–copula–noun–preposition in English to noun-nya in Indonesian. Here's some more examples, but this time it becomes verb-nya.
It seems like … --> Kelihatannya … / Sepertinya …
This post is from a suggested group
This post is from a suggested group
"Indonesian is the cutest language because every word ends with 'nya'."
-nya (/ɲa/) is an enclitic — that is, something functionally similar to a suffix, but can be classified as its own word — in the Indonesian language. It has various functions, such as
substituting second- and third-person pronouns This works for the genitive and accusative forms of pronouns, i.e., you can see it replace his or him, but not he. This -nya can be attached to many types of words, like nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositions. You can see this in sentences like: • Bapak punya uang. Uangnya banyak. ('Dad has money. His money's plentiful.') • Halo, namanya siapa? ('Hello, what's your name?') → In Indonesian, who is used when asking for names. • Aku memberikan mobil aku kepadanya. ('I gave my car to them.') • Pasha membelikannya nasi. ('Pasha bought him rice.')
to refer to something that is known or was mentioned prior This…
This post is from a suggested group
If you've read my previous post, forget everything you've read. Nobody actually speaks Indonesian like that. Welcome to informal spoken Indonesian, particularly the one colloquially spoken in South Jakarta. The syntax in spoken Indonesian is way freer than written Indonesian, but it emphasizes a topic–comment syntax structure like Japanese and Korean. You Indonesian speakers probably never even noticed that we have this feature.
You're probably wondering what a topic and comment are. Unlike a subject, the topic of a sentence serves to change the… topic, or theme of a conversation. There are two components at play: the topic and the comment — the topic is the one being introduced into the conversation, and the comment is what's being said about the topic. In natural languages, the topic of a sentence tends to get placed in front. A lot of the time, topics and subjects serve the…
This post is from a suggested group
Indonesian is an agglutinative (i.e. the language's affixes usually only represent one morpheme) and somewhat isolating (i.e. has a close-to-one morpheme-to-word ratio) language that exists as a variety of Malay, which came to be in 1928.
Cardinals are placed before nouns. Noun labels are usually placed after the main noun. Adjectives, possessors, and determiners are also placed after nouns.
satu buku cerita biru-ku itu
one book story blue-I that
"that one blue storybook of mine"