There are five(-ish) sets of first- and second-person singular pronouns in the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta:
Informal-colloquial pronouns: lu–gue
Casual-intimate pronouns: aku–kamu
Polite-formal pronouns: saya–Anda
Name pronouns: Khoirul, Kirana, etc.
Role pronouns: Mas, Dokter, Tante, Eyang, etc.
There is a fascinating set of words that exists cross-linguistically, which I like to call stacked prepositions, or stacked postpositions for postpositional languages such as Japanese. Though from this point on, I'll exclusively be referring to either as prepositions. These are words such as onto (on+to), underneath (under+neath); ID daripada (dari+pada; 'than', lit. 'from at'), kepada (ke+pada; 'for', lit. 'to at'); and JP made ni ('by', lit. 'until to'). However, before we get into that, I would like to give y'all a crash course on prepositions.
Prepositions are a syntactic class of words that go before a noun phrase. There are however exceptions to this, which among others are, (1) in phrasal verbs, such as the preposition over in the sentence His parents' death was something he could never get over, and (2) in sentences with intransitive prepositions, such as the preposition before in the sentence He'd left 2 hours…
In practice, there are three ways to identify human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):
Nucleic acid identification, i.e., its RNA
Antigen detection, i.e., the p24 antigen
Antibody detection, i.e., anti–HIV-1 and –HIV-2 antibodies
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Kemenkes RI) recommends two assays: rapid tests and enzyme immunoassays. The serum-based 4th-generation HIV test can detect the p24 antigen and both HIV antibodies, and is available on either assay, the former of which is more widely available. However, users of Peridot will probably have access to the latter, which in early stages of HIV infection has higher sensitivity (i.e., lower rate of giving a false positive result). It is also important to note that these tests might not detect HIV during the 3-week window period of HIV exposure, as some assays are not reliable within this acute period.
There are algorithms healthcare providers follow to diagnose HIV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention…
"It seems like", "it feels as if", "it's said that"… what exactly are these its referring to?
These are called impersonal verbs. And the it in question is called a dummy pronoun. They don't really point to anything, but rather, they highlight the action — what's being done.
What's interesting about these expressions is that, when translated to a language like, say, Indonesian, they completely change form.
It is time to … --> Waktunya …
From dummy pronoun–copula–noun–preposition in English to noun-nya in Indonesian. Here's some more examples, but this time it becomes verb-nya.
It seems like … --> Kelihatannya … / Sepertinya …
